Category Archives: History

Here’s the latest of my infrequent progress updates on my TIDAL WAVE book/documentary project.

The good news is that the “technical” research into who, what, when, where, and why is almost finished. It should have been wrapped up nearly a year ago, but the virus panic shut down all archives in Germany, Romania, the UK, and the US. In fact, as of today the US National Archives are still shut down with no reopening date available. The European archives are slowly reopening, and thank goodness I don’t have many subjects left to research. ...  (Read more)

Today marks the 77th anniversary of the TIDAL WAVE mission.

It has been an eventful year for all of us, and as usual I’m way late in posting an update on my TIDAL WAVE book and documentary progress. ...  (Read more)

As you know, I’ve recently released scale model airplane model markings decal sets for 1/48 & 1/72 scale B-24D models. B-24D Hadley’s Harem is included in both scales. Since the decal sets were printed, a major change (which does not affect the actual decal markings) has been revealed. Although I will not update the decal set instructions already shipped, future sets will include the following changes:

“LATE BREAKING NEWS! ...  (Read more)

With the 75th anniversary of the TIDAL WAVE attack on Ploesti only a few months away, I’ve been busting my butt on the three major projects I have underway to commemorate the event and honor the participants. I can freely admit I’m really feeling the pressure!

My three projects are:

• TIDAL WAVE documentary to be released on DVD
• TIDAL WAVE book, to accommodate the MASSIVE amount of new material I’ve discovered in my “leave no stone unturned” research
• A series of TIDAL WAVE aircraft markings decal sets

I’ll start with the book, since that’s the most expansive project, and of course the documentary script will be based on the book. I’d originally intended to produce only a documentary, but I’ve uncovered so much new and detailed material that a documentary alone cannot possibly do the subject justice–which is not to suggest the documentary is abandoned or that it will fail to show some things that are better illustrated in film than on the flat, printed page.

Previous updates here have covered some of the breakthroughs I’ve already seen, and in every case I’ve made even more progress since those first reports. However, some new and really interesting stuff has recently come to life.

FORMATION LEAD. The leader position for the TW formation was finally bestowed on the 376th Bomb Group, but prior to that decision there was a most interesting and shocking counter-suggestion that proceeded much farther than you’d expect. I’m currently working to document this as fully as possible, but have already made quite good progress.

AXIS DEFENSES. I’ve previously uncovered the exact Flak order of battle and battery dispositions for 1 Aug 43, as well as the German & Romanian fighter OOB and most of their activity that day.

However, to both the defenders and attackers the Flak and fighters were not the only defenses of importance. German passive defenses (Luftschutz) were also a major concern. I was surprised how worried the TW planners were about artificial smoke and barrage balloons. I now have the full story on these from original German sources.

One other passive defense activity I’d not adequately considered before was firefighting (Feuerschutzpolizei), which had the potential of dramatically reducing the effect of the bombing if the firefighting efforts were effective. I now have the full German firefighting story from contemporary German sources, and am working to complete the story of the Romanian firefighters. The way the firefighters were controlled and the challenges they faces make compelling reading.

I also now have the full German bomb disposal (Sprengkommando)story for Ploesti, including their bomb disposal manual (which was an extremely lucky and unexpected find). The bomb disposal manual revealed secret that was completely unknown to the Allies at that time.

Finally, and of less importance to the TIDAL WAVE story (although it played a major part earlier in the war) is the dummy oil refinery, which was constructed, maintained, and operated by the Luftwaffe Passive Defense forces (Luftschutz). While it’s true the 376th overflew this installation during their wide circle around the city far outside the Flak defenses, it was actually only effective at night. Nonetheless, Allied intelligence and photo interpreters were very interested in the 376th’s photos of this layout.

All the above are essentially ” technical” issues. If you’ve followed the course of this project you’ll know that I’m extremely interested in the political and military contexts within which this operation was conceived, planned, and executed. This is more than just a “back story;” it formed the framework and guidance within which everything happened.

For example, political concerns affected at both the politicians and most senior officers. This operation occurred at a time of great flux in the Allied camp, and two of the most senior officers directly involved were in very deep trouble even before the attack date–and they were well aware of the trouble they were in.

Allied grand strategy also played a paramount role, but possibly not in ways you might expect. Deep divisions between the British civilian and military leadership on the one hand and the American civilian and military leadership on the other was a strand that ran through the entire operation from origin to execution–and even to the 1944 massive “oil campaign” bombing attacks on Romania.

Delving into German and Romanian defensive activities archives revealed a huge error made by the economic and technical advisors to the TW planners. If one relatively small change had been made the damage would have significantly increased and the economic and practical military impacts would have been instantly and massively magnified. The advisors got it wrong, so the planners did the best they could with the information and advice provided to them.

I’m making progress on finding deeper information on the leading personalities involved in the operation. The hardest nut to crack, without doubt, has been Luftwaffe Generalmajor Alfred Gerstenberg, the commander of the Deutsche Luftwaffenmission in Rumänien, and the man in overall control of all defenses of the Romanian oil district (which included far more area than just Ploesti city itself). There’s a reason why he’s so hard to pin down, but I’m chipping away at the problem and have uncovered useful additional material.

Next is status of my film documentary. All of the above notes apply; obviously the film script will be based on the book’s contents. I’ve already updated you on the original film footage I’ve located and had copied in high-def digital format, and I’m looking for a bit more to round out the necessary visual information. I’ve noted earlier the motion graphics that help tell complicated parts of the story, so that material is ready to go as well.

Finally comes the status of my series of brand-new PYN-ups Decals and Cutting Edge decal sets on the street.

So far we’ve completed the artwork for 21 specific aircraft and have 11 more to go before the project is finished. I selected the specific subjects based on you modelers’ voting in the survey I ran last year. I’ll be honest: I’ve added a couple of subjects you may never have heard of before, but are historically VERY important. When you see my TIDAL WAVE book and documentary you’ll understand why I’ve included them. Their stories are truly amazing.

Most of these subject have extremely cool nose art, in many cases based on clear photos you’ve probably never seen. I’m also including all the formation leaders’ ships as well as the others that garnered the most votes in the survey.

The research and artwork quality and accuracy behind these sets is exactly what you’ve come to expect from PYN-ups and Cutting Edge, and there are a number of significant corrections to what you may have been told about some of these subjects. A few of these subjects have been portrayed in published profiles and decal sheets in the past, but you’ll see some important differences in ours, based on photos of the real things. As usual we’ll provide the documentation!

The subjects completed so far include:

• Black Jack
• Bomerang
• Brewery Wagon
• Buzzin’ Bear/Miss Delores
• Death Dealer
• Flak Alley
• GI Ginnie
• Hail Columbia
• Jersey Jackass/(Bashful)
• Old Blister Butt
• Sneezy
• Snow White
• Suzy Q
• Teggie Ann
• The Sandman
• The Scorpion
• The Witch
• Tupelo Lass
• Utah Man
• Victory Ship
• Vulgar Virgin

The remaining 11 are “secret”–stand by to learn which ones they are!

This collection will also include documented German and Romanian Bf 109s and Bf 110s, and Romanian IAR-80 series fighters.

I’ve made considerable additional progress, but this update has gotten kinda long and you now have a clue to things I’ve been working on since my previous update.

Here’s where my schedule stands at the moment, certainly subject to massive change. I’ve only got about 55 available work days between now and the time I need to have one or more of these projects on the street in time for the 1 August 2018 75th anniversary.

My research is complete except for some clean-up and follow-up activities. I’ve laid out my book structure and am just starting the writing, although some significant technical sections are already finished. Remember that I not only have to finish writing, editing, and laying it out, it also must be peer-reviewed by a few selected experts to help me clarify and tighten the story. Then the book has to go to the printer, etc., etc.

At this point I expect some or all of the model airplane markings decal sets to be on the street sometime fairly early this summer. It’s not completely clear whether the documentary or book will hit the street first, but I’m working like a stevedore (12-14 hour days seven days a week except for the days when I have other commitments). It will be a near-run thing to have it on the street by 1 August, but I’ll do everything within my power to make that happen–CONSISTENT WITH TURNING OUT AN ACCURATE AND CREDITABLE PRODUCT.

Thanks for your consideration. I’ll keep you informed as to my progress.

Literally every book on TIDAL WAVE claims B-24D-30-CO 42-10127, a verified Ploesti participant, was named either “Thar She Blows” or Thar She Blows (Again).

The confusion comes initially from the 93rd Bomb Group’s 1 July 1943 letter listing the nicknames for all 93rd ships in the desert, which states 42-40127 was named “Thar She Blows.” Further confusion has arisen since it’s conclusively documented that Capt Chuck Merrill flew 42-40127 to Ploesti, and he’d previously flown a ship named “Thar She Blows.” Official letter and all that, right?

But the name is not correct, and here’s why. The actual proof is immutable, but there are still some open questions at the bottom of this article.

The Documented Facts

42-40127 is clearly identified as “Thar She Blows” in the 93rd’s 1 July 1943 letter.

She is clearly identified by her full serial number in numerous 93rd and 201st Combat Wing documents as a ship that flew the TIDAL WAVE mission with Capt Merrill as her pilot. 127 returned from Ploesti and eventually became the 458th Bomb Group’s “assembly ship,” nicknamed the First Sergeant and painted white with large blue and red polka dots,.

We can easily confirm First Sergeant‘s identity using this photo, taken early during the “assembly ship” repaint. The serial number is clearly visible on the fin:

Here the thot plickens.

127’s post-TIDAL WAVE history is not in my area of concentration, but identifying the correct nickname at the time of TW is. I’m so busy with other important aspects of the TW mission that I didn’t intend to get drawn into a protracted discussion about one particular airplane that everybody thought was fully identified.

I initially assumed the 93rd’s letter was accurate and her name was “Thar She Blows.” However, my good friend Andy Gaster pointed out that 127 was variously identified as either “Thar She Blows” or Thar She Blows (Again). Since my photos of both sets of nose art confirm they were different ships, I needed to confirm which was correct, still assuming it was one or the other.

Knowing 127 ended up in the 458th Bomb Group, I recently had an interesting exchange about 42-40127 with Darrin Scorza, the HMFIC at www.458BG.com. I wondered whether he had documentation of the ship’s nickname prior to her assignment to the 458th.

He does not, but had been told the previous name in the 93rd was either Thar She Blows (Again) or Bucket of Bolts (which was a new nickname to me). According to information provided to Darrin by Pat Schenk in 2006, “Thar She Blows” was Chuck Merrill’s first B-24, serialed 41-23658. He believed that 42-40127 was Thar She Blows (Again) when Merrill flew the ship to Ploesti.

However, Tom Brittain chimed in with the assertion that 127 was named Bucket of Bolts in 93rd service, although not necessarily assigned to Capt Merrill.

Who? What? When? Where? Huh?

Darrell went on to point out a very interesting issue. Comparing the well known photo of First Sergeant:

And the photo of Thar She Blows (Again):

He noted that :

1. “The gun port housing on TSBA is larger than the one on First Sergeant.
2. The gun port window on TSBA is rounded on the bottom rear, where the window on FS appears to be square.
3. Also, the side (navigator’s window) on TSBA appears to have armor plating where the one on FS does not.  That could have been removed to save weight I guess.”

Damn. Now he got me back into my old “Cutting Edge Modelworks/PYN-ups Decals” mindset and I couldn’t rest until I tracked this SOB down.

Back To Facts . . . Proof 127 was NOT “Thar She Blows” OR Thar She Blows (Again)

42-40127 was a B-24D-30-CO, a Consolidated-built ship in the 42-40058 to 42-40137 range (Block 35 started at 42-40138).  Aside from mods that may have been made a various mod centers, we need to stay within the same block as much as possible when doing photo comparisons.

Both 42-40126 and 42-40130 were assigned to the 44th BG (neither a Ploesti veteran) and I have several excellent photos of each.  Unfortunately not one of them shows the left side nav window/.50 mount. Damn. Luckily many photos are available of other ships in the Block 30 serial series, so we can pin this down.

The first thing to know about Block 30 is that it initiated installation on the Consolidated production line of the .50 socket in the bombardier’s left side sighting window (directly behind the nose greenhouse).  Prior to this Block all .50 “cheek” mounts were installed at the mod centers, and all had separate framing around each Plexiglas window.

Once the .50 socket was introduced on the production line (with Block 30), a single large external reinforcing panel framed both windows.  In addition, the Block 30 introduced an external stiffener across the bombardier sighting window for the .50 cheek socket. All prior mounts had only an internal mount visible through the bombardier sighting window.

In the model airplane builders world, the first objection would be: “but, but, maybe it was a field mod.” No, it was not. These particular widows remained the same for these early B-24Ds throughout their combat lives. There were field mods for other items on later B-24s, but these remained as issued to the combat groups.

So:

• Separate frames surrounding the navigator window and bombardier window before Block 30, but one single large external plate reinforcing both windows starting with the Block 30.
• A short internal horizontal .50 socket reinforcing frame, visible underneath the Plexiglas, on pre-Block 30; an external support bar integral to the window reinforcing panel starting with the Block 30.

The following pics help us follow these threads.

ORIGINAL “Thar She Blows” (serial unconfirmed)

Not much of the bombardier’s side sighting window can be seen and none of the nav’s window, but it’s very clear they had separate frames.  This confirms “Thar She Blows” was earlier than Block 30. While I cannot confirm the 41-23658 serial stated by Pat Schenk, it’s at least reasonable.

Thar She Blows “(Again) (serial number unconfirmed)

As with “Thar She Blows,” we can clearly see separate frames around the nav and bombardier sighting windows.  Furthermore, we can clearly see the horizontal .50 support frame is inside the Plexiglas bombardier sighting window.  Both features confirm this is also a pre-Block 30 ship. TSBA has been claimed to be 42-40130, but this is clearly incorrect as 130 was also a Block 30 and would have had the single exterior reinforcing plate surrounding both windows. In any case I have photographic documentation that 130 was assigned to the 44th Bomb Group as Avenger II. Though possible she eventually went to the 93rd, it does not seem likely. I doubt 130 was ever named TSBA.

42-40127 Nose After 458th Partial Repaint

Although the photo is not that good, we can see a large unitary plate surrounds both the nav and bombardier windows, and the .50 socket frame support is clearly external to the Plexiglas.

Since this is could be somewhat difficult to see in the photo above, here’s a much better pic of another Block 30 ship, 42-40060, The Champ:

And an even better pic of B-24D-30-CO 42-40082 showing the single reinforcing plate:

If you carefully compare the panel lines on 40127 the two pics above, you’ll see they match.

It is now very clear that neither “Thar She Blows” nor Thar She Blows (Again) were ever the same ship as 42-40127.

The window frames are completely wrong, and “frames don’t lie!”

While this analysis cannot address what name 40127 carried before coming to the 458th, it does leave me in a quandary.  The 1 Jul 43 93rd name list definitely lists 40127 as “Thar She Blows,” and many documents prove that 127 definitely flew the TIDAL WAVE mission.  We’ve now gone from a possible typo on the 93rd letter to a gross error.  I can’t even state with authority whether TSB or TSBA flew or did not fly on the TW mission, although obviously not serialed 40127.

Now I have to dig deeper to see whether I can accurately name 40127 at the time of TW; it’s possible it carried no name at the time, but this seems unlikely since it was in the original complement of 93rd ships to come down from the UK.

Please let me know if you have photographic proof of:

The correct serial number for “Thar She Blows”
The correct serial number for Thar She Blows (Again)
The correct nickname applied to 42-40127 at the time of TIDAL WAVE

I hope you found this analysis interesting!

To the TW researcher community:

I found a (postwar) account from a TIDAL WAVE veteran who was badly burned in the crash of his ship just outside Ploesti.  He stated that just-captured TW prisoners of war (presumably the bombardiers, who would have been the only crewmen with the technical knowledge) were forced to disarm time-fused bombs in  Ploesti.  Since his German captors had refused him medical treatment at the time this incident purportedly occurred (he didn’t receive medical treatment until turned over to the Romanians about 72 hours after his capture).

This obviously would have been a massive violation of the Geneva Convention, and if it really happened there should be additional evidence.  None of the German or Romanian official files mention this, perhaps for obvious reasons, but I’ve never read a hint of this in any other contemporary accounts by US airmen either.  In fact, both German and Romanian documents state some bombs were disarmed by GERMAN bomb disposal experts, and in fact at least two were killed when the bomb they were working on exploded.

Do you have information on this?  Please email me at support@Low-Level-Ploesti.org.

Thanks!

To me, it’s important to have some idea of how recurring words in another language are pronounced. I do not speak Romanian, although with all the official document translating I’ve been doing for the last couple of years I finally recognize the meaning of a few words in the language.

However, if you don’t speak Romanian either, the way their words are pronounced is not necessarily obvious to English speakers. I asked an acquaintance who is a native Romanian speaker to pronounce some of the words you may encounter as you learn more about the TIDAL WAVE operation.

ROMANIAN PLACE NAME PRONUNCIATION

[table id=2 /]

REFINERY NAME PRONUNCIATION

[table id=3 /]

NON-ROMANIAN PLACE NAME PRONUNCIATION

[table id=5 /]

PEOPLE NAME PRONUNCIATION

[table id=4 /]

BEING POLITE!

It’s been quite a while since my last update and some of you may have been thinking the documentary is on hold or abandoned. Absolutely not!

I’ve unearthed a massive amount of previously unseen official information related to the TIDAL WAVE attack in Romanian, German, and British archives, and I’ve found several never-before-seen photo archives that include amazing TIDAL WAVE imagery.

A tiny snapshot of the new documentation includes:

• Exact number of flak guns that faced the American attackers. I’d previously identified where each flak battery were located, but did not know how many guns were at each location. Now I know, and it explains the bulk of the shoot-downs, including 93rd Bomb Group commander Addison Baker and several other ships following him.
   
• Exactly where the 44th and 93rd bomb groups flew–their ground tracks photo-documented! I’m currently working on the 98th, but their photo coverage is considerably spottier. However, the photos also help prove why such a huge number of 98th ships were shot down over the target.
   
• Col John “Killer” Kane’s full combat diary (partially published in the AAHS Journal many years ago, but with huge omissions). This is a stunning document, and like most diaries it tells more about the writer than the subject matter. However, it also contains a considerable amount of useful specific evidence, along with a number of easily-documentable outright lies that attempt to put Kane’s performance in the best possible light. Frankly, it’s very easy to see why he was never promoted to general and remained a colonel up until the time he retired in great bitterness 10 years after the mission.
   
• A large-scale, high altitude photo montage of the Ploesti, Brazi, and Campina areas composed from the high-definition 3 and 19 August 1943 RAF Mosquito recce flights photos. It documents many flak batteries, refinery damage, and most importantly several previously unknown B-24 crash sites.
   
• Multiple official Romanian refinery damage reports from several points in time, documenting the exact damage caused by the bombing and status of the recovery efforts, including the reopening of primitive old refineries to make up the oil production losses.
   
• This one is YUUUGE: I now have documentation of the German & Romanian flak personnel strength at Ploesti in July 1943 that shows a very interesting situation.
   
• The exact locations of the nine Freya radar sites ringing Ploesti, and when they were activated. This is a very big deal, and previously unknown or inaccurately reported.
   
• Romanian-German political and economic relations that had a direct bearing on the TIDAL WAVE mission.
   
• Previously unknown bomb and fuze information that materially affected the attack’s outcome. This has been glossed over or ignored in previously published accounts, but it was fundamental to the outcome.
   
• Although not yet uncovered, I now know the location where the photos and films recovered from shot-down Liberators were kept by the Romanian government. Whether these images survived until to today is currently unknown, but I’m digging!

…and these are the barest tip of the iceberg. There is much more brand new material that fundamentally affected the attack.

The newly uncovered photo archives are also amazing. I now have a very large number of original German and Romanian Ploesti photos, most of which are amazingly clear, well composed, and in good condition. I also have a treasure trove of color photos that will blow your mind.

As you can imagine, this work is exceptionally time consuming and I have been and still am working very hard to finish this project this year. I can’t predict a specific date yet, but I’m close to having as much information as I truly need to tell the real story.

BTW, for modelers, we’ve almost finished the artwork for a large number of TIDAL WAVE B-24s, based on photos most of you have never seen. The families of many TW men have been very generous in sharing their keepsake photos, which has helped us create the most accurate nose art and other markings ever seen–particularly in decal form, but also in published profile artwork.

Enough for now…I’ve got to get back to work!

The Problems With Diaries, Photos, And Memory

If you’ve been following this project for any time you’re already aware that I put little emphasis on postwar reminiscences. The entire premise of my research has been to use as much original documentation as possible.

Cascading problems of accurate documentation confront every historian. This is a problem in TIDAL WAVE research primarily because so little 376th Bomb Group documentation survived.

Even original diaries written within a day or two of the event can cause problems when trying to determine historical facts. Even original photos have their own problems.

CONTEMPORARY DIARIES

The basic problem with a diary, of course, is that each man writes what he knows and feels at the time he writes it. I’ve spent quite a bit of time over the last week poring over original diaries from TIDAL WAVE men. One of the big things that jump out is how much scuttlebutt (rumor) is recorded as fact. Think about this: when a man in the combat zone hears something from his friends or superiors he’s more likely to regard it as fact than rumor.

If the historian accepts everything in a diary as objective fact (rather than fact as the writer understood it at the time) he’s in for a rough ride. It’s amazing, but understandable, to read how often a man’s diary records on 2 August 1943–the day after the mission–the loss of certain friends during the mission, only to read another entry several days later that the friend was interned in Turkey, landed on Cyprus, etc. In this example the wrong information was corrected within a few days, but it cautions us to wonder how many erroneous entries were never corrected.

Another good example of the German/Italian paratroopers who purportedly landed at various times and places near Benghazi. The participants’ diaries are filled with reports of paratroops landed, captured, killed, etc. Objective reports from official sources show some of these entries are accurate but many simply record the current scuttlebutt.

Yet another example of understandable misreporting in diaries concerns the two airplane sentries killed during the night of 19-20 June 1943. This was big news to the airmen. Every diary records they were killed by German or Italian paratroopers, and that the diarist slept with a gun next to his bed for the next several nights.

However, the official IX Bomber Command investigation report states that because of a rebuffed sexual advance one USAAF guard was murdered by the other, who then committed suicide. No Germans. No Italians.

It’s no surprise the men knew nothing of this, but it remains a good example of recorded “fact” that would be completely misleading without digging deeper into what really happened.

On the other hand, diaries are excellent sources for what the writer personally saw and felt at the time. This is obvious and I won’t expand further here.

PHOTOS

Photos are usually a huge help when documenting a historical event, but you must always remember that a photo is merely the record of a particular instant in time. It is not a record of everything that happened, nor even a complete record of what happened at that particular time and place.

Studying the various series of strike photos taken during TIDAL WAVE has strongly reminded me of this limitation. I have 500+ strike photos in my collection. The most useful are those taken as part of a sequence of photos.

Many TIDAL WAVE B-24s had fixed cameras mounted inside the lower right rear fuselage. An external mirror fitting recorded the image directly behind and slightly below the aircraft. For example, I can follow the 44th Bomb Group’s WHITE V (Columbia Aquila) target force from just before their turn at Floresti all the way past the target. As you can imagine, this is a fascinating trip.

Also useful, but often problematic are the photos taken out waist windows with hand-held K-20 cameras. The images recorded by these cameras were at the mercy of the cameraman: when he took each photo and where he was pointing the camera when he took the photo.

A good example of this problem is a series of hand-held camera shots taken out the left waist window of the 98th Bomb Group’s 795-I, flown by LeBrecht. This particular series shows the crash of (probably) 197-A Tagalong. It also clearly shows 98th B-24s dropping their bombs in open fields just past the target area.

More to the point, because the camera was pointed in slightly different directions and the images snapped at unknown but irregular times, it’s very difficult to track with complete certainty the action shown in these several photos.

Another great example are the several photos taken with hand-held cameras in 376th Bomb Group planes of a dummy oil refinery set up east of Ploesti. Since these are individual photos and not part of sequences it’s impossible to know which of the two dummy refineries east of the city the 376th passed by.

A whole spectrum of problems serious scale modelers will appreciate is related to the many “nose art” photos taken of various Liberators that participated in TIDAL WAVE. It is a huge problem to track the accurate name (or names) carried on TW aircraft during the mission. A mountain of incorrect information has been published in books and on the internet.

In particular, the two 9th Air Force bomb groups (98th & 376th) were notorious for renaming aircraft, and even changing the Field Numbers (large two-digit numbers painted on the nose and/or fin). Very often when a new crew took over an old plane the previous nickname and artwork was changed on one or both sides of the nose.

At least one model airplane decal company has depicted wrong “Hail Columbia” markings for John Kane’s ship on the mission. They didn’t realize that although Kane previously flew this ship, which he’d named “Hail Columbia,” for an extended period prior to TIDAL WAVE a different crew had flown it on combat missions.  When Kane decided to fly his old ship on the mission he had completely different artwork painted on the nose–even though it had the same name.  Same ship, same name, completely different nose art.

The three 8th Air Force bomb groups sent to the desert for TIDAL WAVE (44th, 93rd, and 389th) had the same issue, but to a lesser degree and generally not during the time they were deployed to North Africa.

REMINISCENCES

To continue my rant against wholesale reliance on reminiscences, let us all be reminded of the problems police have when interviewing eyewitnesses to a traumatic event. Typically each sees something different: he was tall, he was short; he was white, he was purple; it was a man, it was a woman, etc. You can’t watch a reality TV cop show without getting a sense of this problem. Eyewitnesses are simply not reliable.  It doesn’t mean people are lying (which also happens); they’re just reporting what they perceived at the moment.

I learned how severe this problem is back in the late ’70s when I interviewed hundreds of veterans. Very frequently a vet would tell me a story, but his fellow crewmen would jump in to point out he had the wrong mission, plane, or people in mind. I soon learned it was better to interview the whole crew at once than each man individually.

It also turns out the seminal Ploesti: The Great Ground-Air Battle of 1 August 1943 written by Cal Stewart and Jim Dugan has created a huge problem for trying to decipher participants’ reminiscences. The book is a true tour de force and if you don’t have it, get it now. Cal Stewart did Herculean work finding and recording every snippet of official and anecdotal information that was available at the time it was written in the 1960-61 period.

The problem–which I’ve encountered repeatedly in veteran interviews–is that over time some of the vets have confused what they actually saw or knew at the time with what they read in the famous book. Time after time the person I was interviewing would stop in the middle of a sentence, pause, and say “I’m not sure whether I saw that or read about it in the book.” That’s a scary thing for a historian to hear.

Another huge problem is intentional editing by the speaker to make himself look better or seem more dramatic after the fact. This problem is certainly not limited to TIDAL WAVE reminiscences; it’s so pervasive that any personal account must be read with a sense of skepticism. At least one senior participant has written extensive self-aggrandizing accounts of what happened.

I am NOT saying everybody lies, or that everybody misremembers. I am absolutely saying that every reminiscence must be taken with a grain of salt. Skepticism is the historian’s greatest strength when dealing with memory.

I’ve been going through a bunch of 9th AF (IX Bomber Command) crewmen’s diaries and decided to list the entertainment movies they saw from January to the end of July 1943. I doubt this is a complete list and I think some of the titles are wrong or misspelled, but hope it interests you to see the entertainment air and ground crews saw.

The dates are direct from the individual diaries. The movies would have “made the rounds” of the various units and obviously been shown on different dates at different units.

If you live in the US you can see some of these old movies on the Turner Classic Movies (TCM) channel. They may occasionally show up on other channels too.

Shylock	19 Jan
My Smiling Gal	18 Apr
Whispering Ghost	23 Apr
Yank in Libya	28 Apr
The Hard Way	3 May
The Vivacious Lady	8 May
King’s Row	11 May
Casablanca	14 May
Wake Island	21 May
Hunchback of Notre Dame	25 May
Tale of Two Cities	27 May (wind blew down screen)
Grand Central Murder	28 May
Westerners	31 May
Rio Rita	1 Jun
Sailors Three	3 Jun (British film)
White Cargo	3 Jun
Victory at Stalingrad	6 Jun
Desert Victory	6 Jun
Sweetye Girl (sp?)	21 Jun
Love Crazy	22 Jun
Stage Door Canteen	24 Jun
I Got ‘Em Covered (You Got Me Covered?)	27 Jun
You Can’t Fool Your Wife	29 Jun
They Got Me Covered	2 Jul
Boys From Syracuse	4 Jul
Allegheny Uprising	6 Jul
Unexpected Father	8 Jul
Jackass Mail	10 Jul
Gallant Lady	13 Jul
Mission: Spitfire	15 Jul
Mr. V	16 Jul
It Happened At Flatbush	18 Jul
Tortilla Flats	22 Jul
Panama Lady	24 Jul
10 Men From West Point	26 Jul
I’ll Find You Somewhere	28 Jul
That’s Right, You Are Wrong	30 Jul